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A Comparison of the effectiveness of
group camping experiences on change of self-concept
for campers with professional and non-professional
leaders.
Marks, R.J.
Doctoral Dissertation, West Virginia University,
1981.
Purpose:
Determine effectiveness of professional
and non-professional group leaders in enabling
changes in self-concept and concept of ideal
in a camping experience designed to enhance
self-understanding.
Sample:
243 seventh and eighth grade students in
rural Virginia.
Method/Instruments:
Method: Campers attended one of two separate
weekend camps. Non-professional group leaders
were volunteers who were given six hours
of training prior to camp. Professional
group leaders were students enrolled in
the Master's Degree program of the Guidance
and Counseling Department of the University
of West Virginia. The camp program included
three large group meetings and four small
group discussions. The topics for these
meetings included group and family relationships,
behavior characteristics, and inaccuracy
of perceptions of individuals and situations.
The small group discussions focused on interpersonal
relationships in the school, family, and
community.
Instrument: adaptation of Bills Index of
Adjustment and Values for Self.
Design: Pre-test/post-test, follow-up (ten
weeks after camp).
Data Analysis: ANOVA. The recommended procedure
for this type of analysis is Repeated Measures
ANOVA, therefore, results should be viewed
with caution.
Results:
- Campers' Discrepancy scores (difference
between self-concept and ideal self scores)
were significantly lower at the end of
the camp experience.
- No difference in discrepancy scores,
ideal self scores or self-concept scores
between professional and non-professional
groups.
- Campers who were 4-H members had higher
discrepancy scores at all three testing
times.
- No significant changes in self-concept.
- No significant discrepancy score differences
between males and females.
- No significant discrepancy score differences
according to residence.
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